REFERENCES
PRIMARY LITERATUREChelliah, K., & Sukumar, R. (2013). The role of tusks, musth and body size in male-male competition among Asian elephants, Elephas maximus. Animal Behaviour, 86(6), 1207-1214. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1016/j.anbehav.2013.09.022
Chelliah, K., & Sukumar, R. (2015). Interplay of male traits, male mating strategies and female mate choice in the Asian elephant, Elephas maximus. Behaviour, 152, 1113-1144. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1163/1568539X-00003271 Das, A., Smith, M. L., Saini, M., Katole, S., Kullu, S. S., Gupta, B. K., Sharma, A. K., & Swarup, D. (2015). Effect of concentrates restriction on feed consumption, diet digestibility, and nitrogen utilization in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Zoo Biology, 34(1), 60-70. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1002/zoo.21194 Duer, C. K. (2009). Function of play in behavioral enrichment of captive Asian elephants (0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2Elephas maximus1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2) (Order No. 3464905). Available from Biological Science Collection. (887717739). http://jpllnet.sfsu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/dissertations-theses/function-play-behavioral-enrichment-captive-asian/docview/887717739/se-2?accountid=13802 Dunkin, R. C., Wilson, D., Way, N., Johnson, K., & Williams, T. M. (2013). Climate influences thermal balance and water use in African and Asian elephants: physiology can predict drivers of elephant distribution. The Journal of Experimental Biology, 216, 2939-2952. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1242/jeb.080218 Dunkin, R. C. (2012). From tissues to landscapes: How thermal physiology, water use, and climate influence patterns of landscape use in elephants (Order No. 3502837). Available from Biological Science Collection. (993003860). http://jpllnet.sfsu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/dissertations-theses/tissues-landscapes-how-thermal-physiology-water/docview/993003860/se-2?accountid=13802 Encyclopædia Britannica, inc. (n.d.). Reproduction and life cycle. Encyclopædia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/animal/elephant-mammal/Reproduction-and-life-cycle. Evison, E., McKenzie, A., & Holmes, L. (2020). Social and environmental impacts on sleep in captive Asian elephants (0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2Elephas maximus1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2). Zoo Biology, 39(6), 397-404. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1002/zoo.21568 Kiso WK, Wiedner E, Isaza R, et al. REPRODUCTIVE PARAMETERS AND BIRTH STATISTICS FOR A HERD OF ASIAN ELEPHANTS ( ELEPHAS MAXIMUS) IN NORTH AMERICA OVER A 20-YEAR PERIOD. Journal of zoo and wildlife medicine : official publication of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians. 2017;48(4):987-996. http://jpllnet.sfsu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/scholarly-journals/reproductive-parameters-birth-statistics-herd/docview/1984246529/se-2?accountid=13802. doi: http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1638/2017-0035.1. Koirala, R. K., Raubenheimer, D., Aryal, A., Pathak, M. L., & Ji, W. (2016). Feeding preferences of the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in Nepal. BMC Ecology, 16(1), 54. http://jpllnet.sfsu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/scholarly-journals/feeding-preferences-asian-elephant-elephas/docview/1841796781/se-2?accountid=13802 Mahato, G., Sarma, K. K., Pathak, D. C., Barman, N. N., Gogoi, P., Dutta, M., & Basumatary, P. (2019). Endotheliotropic herpesvirus infection in Asian elephants (0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2Elephas maximus1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2) of Assam, India. Veterinary World, 12(11), 1790-1796. http://www.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1790-1796 Nachiketha, S., Sharma, P. S., Shiro, K., & Raman, S. (2020). Behavioural responses of free-ranging Asian elephants (0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2Elephas maximus1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2) towards dying and dead conspecifics. Primates, 61(1), 129-138. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1007/s10329-019-00739-8 Nganvongpanit, K., Siengdee, P., Buddhachat, K., Brown, J. L., Klinhom, S., Pitakarnnop, T., Angkawanish, T., & Thitaram, C. (2017). Anatomy, histology and elemental profile of long bones and ribs of the Asian elephant (0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2Elephas maximus1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2). Anatomical Science International, 92(4), 554-568. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1007/s12565-016-0361-y Rasmussen, L., & Greenwood. (2003). Frontalin: a Chemical Message of Musth in Asian Elephants (Elephas maximus). Chemical Senses, 28(5), 433-446. http://jpllnet.sfsu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/scholarly-journals/frontalin-chemical-message-musth-asian-elephants/docview/18791775/se-2?accountid=13802 Raymond, A., Abd, H. A., Payne, J., Williams, C., Ambu, L. N., Phua, M. H., & Goossens, B. (2012). Home Range and Ranging Behaviour of Bornean Elephant (Elephas maximus borneensis) Females. PLoS One, 7(2)http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1371/journal.pone.0031400 Rowe, M. F., Bakken, G. S., Ratliff, J. J., & Langman, V. A. (2013). Heat storage in Asian elephants during submaximal exercise: behavioral regulation of thermoregulatory constraints on activity in endothermic gigantotherms. Journal of Experimental Biology, 216(10), 1774-1785. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1242/jeb.076521 Shoshani, J. (1997, 11). It's a nose! It's a hand! It's an elephant's trunk! Natural History, 106, 36-45. http://jpllnet.sfsu.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/magazines/nose-hand-elephants-trunk/docview/210637416/se-2?accountid=13802 Weissenböck, N.,M., Arnold, W., & Ruf, T. (2012). Taking the heat: thermoregulation in Asian elephants under different climatic conditions. Journal of Comparative Physiology.B, Biochemical, Systemic, and Environmental Physiology, 182(2), 311-9. http://dx.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.1007/s00360-011-0609-8 |
GRAY LITERATUREAsian Elephant. Denver Zoo. (n.d.). https://denverzoo.org/animals/asian-elephant/.
Asian Elephant - Key Facts, Information & Pictures. Animal Corner. (n.d.). https://animalcorner.org/animals/asian-elephant/#:~:text=The%20female%20Asian%20elephants%20run,between%2019%20and%2022%20months. Everything You Need To Know About 'Musth'! Wildlife SOS. (2017, March 18). https://wildlifesos.org/animals/everything-you-need-to-know-about-musth/. Karkala, N. (n.d.). Elephas maximus (Asiatic elephant). Animal Diversity Web. https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Elephas_maximus/#behavior Lechowim. (2015, March 3). Digestive anatomy & physiology. Asian Elephant Nutrition. https://asianelephantnutrition.wordpress.com/2015/02/26/digestive-anatomy-physiology/. MacKenzie, P. (n.d.). The Elephant's Digestive System. http://elephant.elehost.com/About_Elephants/Anatomy/Internal_Systems/The_Digestive_System/the_digestive_system.html. Meyer, A. (1970, January 1). Elephants Forever. Elephant Circulatory System. https://www.elephantsforever.co.za/elephant-circulatory-system.html. Omaha Media Group LLC - https://www.omahamediagroup.com. (n.d.). How elephants communicate - Blog. For Elephants. https://www.4elephants.org/blog/article/how-elephants-communicate#:~:text=Just%20like%20any%20animal%2C%20elephants,low%20and%20high%2Dfrequency%20sounds. Ran-Tong (Save&Rescue Elephant Centre) has been established since 2009 after the rescue of “ Boon Som” or blinded elephant from a wicked mahout. “Boon Som” after years of abusing hard work in the forest and amphetamines inje. (2016, March 28). Elephants and the Heat - Ran-Tong. Ran. https://rantongelephant.com/2016/03/28/elephants-and-the-heat/. World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.). Asian Elephant. WWF. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/asian-elephant#:~:text=Asian%20elephants%20are%20extremely%20sociable,associations%20are%20relatively%20short%2Dlived. World Wildlife Fund. (n.d.). Asian Elephant. WWF. https://www.worldwildlife.org/species/asian-elephant. |
PHOTOS/VIDEOSAsian elephant. Smithsonian's National Zoo. (2020, August 26). https://nationalzoo.si.edu/animals/asian-elephant.
Asian elephants – You Just Gotta Love Them. RedDuckPost. (n.d.). https://www.redduckpost.com/asian-elephants-you-just-gotta-love-them/. Breyer, M. (n.d.). 10 Extraordinary Facts About Elephant Trunks. Treehugger. https://www.treehugger.com/extraordinary-facts-about-elephant-trunks-4858665. CONSERVATION OF ASIAN ELEPHANTS IN SOUTHEAST ASIA. (n.d.). https://blogs.ntu.edu.sg/hp331-2014-12/?page_id=108. Elephant Anatomy Facts - Complete Diagram Of Anatomy. Animal Corner. (2015, December 15). https://animalcorner.org/elephant-anatomy/. Elephant Heart: Elephant, Ice cream, Glassware. Pinterest. (n.d.). https://www.pinterest.com/pin/452963675006127122/. Elephants. Reed Bio 342. (n.d.). https://www.reed.edu/biology/courses/BIO342/2011_syllabus/2011_websites/Stu_Sara/mechanism.html. Get Access. The Commercial Appeal. (n.d.). https://www.commercialappeal.com/restricted/?return=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.commercialappeal.com%2Fstory%2Fnews%2Feducation%2F2020%2F03%2F08%2Fmemphis-study-following-oldest-african-elephant-continent-readies-record-herds-grief%2F4739138002%2F&gnt-tng-s=1. Hays, J. (n.d.). ELEPHANT SOCIAL BEHAVIOR: COMMUNICATION, SEX, RANK, EMPATHY AND MOURNING. Facts and Details. http://factsanddetails.com/asian/cat68/sub431/item2471.html. Mahato, G., Sarma, K. K., Pathak, D. C., Barman, N. N., Gogoi, P., Dutta, M., & Basumatary, P. (2019). Endotheliotropic herpesvirus infection in Asian elephants (0RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2Elephas maximus1RW1S34RfeSDcfkexd09rT2) of Assam, India. Veterinary World, 12(11), 1790-1796.http://www.doi.org.jpllnet.sfsu.edu/10.14202/vetworld.2019.1790-1796 Press and Media. Save the Elephants. (n.d.). https://www.savetheelephants.org/about-ste-2/press-media/?detail=elephant-behavior-toward-the-dead-a-review-and-insights-from-field-observations. Rowe, Michael & Bakken, George & Ratliff, J & Langman, Vaughan. (2013). Heat storage in Asian elephants during submaximal exercise: Behavioral regulation of thermoregulatory constraints on activity in endothermic gigantothermy. The Journal of experimental biology. 216. 1774-85. 10.1242/jeb.076521. Shaffer, L. J., Khadka, K. K., Van Den Hoek, J., & Naithani, K. J. (2018, December 19). Human-Elephant Conflict: A Review of Current Management Strategies and Future Directions. Frontiers. https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fevo.2018.00235/full. The New York Times. (2013). Young Students Contribute to Study of Elephant Behavior. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/19/world/asia/Young-Students-Contribute-to-Study-of-Elephant-Behavior.html. YouTube. (2013). All About Asian Elephants! YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UM9z6TcLgsA. YouTube. (2013). Migrating Asian Elephants in a chaur grassland, Corbett. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PvDA5u0LuTU. YouTube. (2016). Cute Large Elephant Bull Flapping His Ears To Stay Cool Stock Footage. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rwwDMH_V0jg. YouTube. (2018). Herd Of Elephants Saves Another Family's Baby | The Dodo. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Zkz6B9BRpo. |